International Conference: Between the Sacred & the Secular, from the Internal to the External:
Buddhism & Education in the Pan-East Asian Context
亦僧亦俗、自內及外：東亞大視野下的佛教與教育
國際研討會
June 3-5,
2019
The
organizing committee for the international conference on “Between the Sacred
& the Secular, from the Internal to the External: Buddhism and Education in
the Pan-East Asian Context” cordially invites the submission of related papers.
The conference is organized by the Wutai Research Institute for Eastern
Buddhist Culture 五臺山東方佛教文化研究院 in Shanxi, China, co-organized by
the Research Center for Buddhist Texts and Arts (RCBTA) at Peking University 北京大學佛教典籍與藝術研究中心, Institute
for Ethics and Religions Studies (IERS) at Tsinghua University 清華大學倫理與宗教研究院, Center for East Asian Religions at
the University of Zhejiang (ZU-CEAR) 浙江大學東亞宗教文化研究中心, and the From the Ground Up project
based at the University of British Columbia. The conference
will be held between June 3 and June 5, 2019 at the Great Bamboo Grove Monastery 大聖竹林 on Mount Wutai 五臺山.
The Buddha,
by his life and teachings as well, has been hailed as the paragon that would
continue to edify the future world. His teaching was subsequently arranged in
three categories: vinaya, sūtra and abhidharma, which guided adherents in both
the cultivation of oneself and the cause of liberating others. In the pedagogy
of Classical Buddhism, one can recognize numerous unique characteristics which
differed significantly from the traditional Chinese pedagogy: it encouraged the
practice of Dharma through the tales and doctrines in Jātaka, Avadāna and
Nidāna; advocated skillful means in one’s path to liberation; and imparted
teachings according to the opportunity of the moment. During the medieval
period, Chan Buddhism adopted new ways of teaching that emphasized the use of
analogy, evocation of new paradigm and spontaneous inspirations, the so-called
“guanji doujiao” 觀機逗教 pedagogy. These pedagogical
innovations ushered Buddhist education into a completely new phase.
In terms of
subject matters, Buddhist education remains an incredibly open system. As the
saying goes, “When a Bodhisattva searches for Dharma, the search commences in Five
Sciences” (菩薩求法，應於五明處求), Buddhist education not only comprises the knowledge that concerns the
Buddhist path but also the studies of language, logics, medical science and
pharmacology, as well as the mundane craftsmanship of various kinds. This
pursuit of knowledge and craftsmanship, and its concern of diffusing them,
determines that Buddhist education would not be confined to the realm of
theoretical studies and that it would have significant impact on the secular
society at large.
In the
pre-modern China when education was a rare privilege, monastics not only played
the role of religious specialists; they were also intellectual elites in the
secular society. The monastery, as a result, became an ideal location for
storing and diffusing knowledge of both religious and secular kind. It is
especially worth noting that monasteries not only provided educational
resources internally to the Sangha and Buddhist communities, but externally, it
also undertook the role as “private schools” (sixue 私學). In fact,
religious private schools served as a major vehicle for circulating knowledge,
on a par with the “Official Education” (guanxue 官學) and the “Secular Private Education” (shisu sixue 世俗私學).
Monastery’s
unique role in this regard has been proven by the extant manuscripts at
Dunhuang. The explanation of sutras had varied pedagogy according to the
audience: the monastics or the laymen. A monastery was not only concerned with
explaining sutras to monastics; it also expounded sutras to the wide secular
public. A monastery, therefore, assumed a dual role that made it a bridge which
connected laymen with monastics. It exemplified the open-minded character of
Buddhist education and functioned as a place of congregation for not only
monastics but also lay children, Buddhist novices and the secular public.
In
addition, prior to the establishment of the government-funded modern library
system, the scripture hall in the monastery functioned as a public library
thanks to its tradition of preserving both religious and secular texts. In
addition to being a store, a charity and a center for culture and
entertainment, a Buddhist monastery might also function as a depository for
religious and secular knowledge. Its rich and varied stock of texts, obtained
via the private collection and the government donation, attracted intellectuals
across all levels of society. It was the preferred place of passage for
scholars and officials during either their personal or professional travel, or
for those in their journey to attempt the imperial exams. In short, a monastery
was an important place for storing, copying, circulating and acquiring
knowledge of both secular and religious kind.
Buddhism
originated in the Indian subcontinent and traveled across numerous countries in
Central, South and Southeastern Asia before it reached China. Via China, it was
spread to the Korean Peninsula and islands of Japan. In a sense, Buddhism was
an important medium that transported and diffused knowledge. And the essential
hardware that made up this medium was the monastery. With the spread of Buddhism,
knowledge of various subject matters also spread widely in Asia: astronomy,
mathematics, medical science, pharmacology, chemistry, botany and zoology,
sugar refinery, architecture, painting and sculpture, etc. In this long and
complicated process, the Buddhist monastery propelled the spread of the secular
knowledge that trailed along its religious counterpart; likewise, monastics
were also instrumental in numerous ways in the process of cultural
transmission. Besides, as Chinese Buddhism travelled eastward, the knowledge of
science and technology also journeyed to the east. By virtue of the uniqueness
of monastic education, various forms of civilization were able to spread across
land and be transmitted in time. For instance, some major monasteries in the
Tang Dynasty, such as the Ximing Monastery 西明寺, Qinglong
Monatery 青龍寺, and
Daxingshan Monastery 大興善寺, served as nexuses in the exchange of culture and knowledge. Meanwhile,
monastics were also part and parcel in the cultural exchange. Yixing 一行 (683-727),
for an outstanding example, was simultaneously an astronomer, a mathematician,
and an esoteric monk. His legendary life and brilliant career epitomized the
global and open-minded character of the monastic education during Tang.
In order to
retrace the special roles that Buddhist education once played in the
transmission of cultures in a pan-East Asia context, the conference proposes
the following (but not exclusive) topics:
- Buddhist education in China, Japan, North Korea and Vietnam: Their tradition, development and future;
- Monastic education in the context of the private education in East Asia;
- Creation of the monastery-centered academic and educational networks;
- Monastic scriptures-keeping tradition and the East Asian library system;
- Comparison of the monastic education in South, Southeast and East Asia;
- Trans-border exchange and diffusion of Buddhist educational resources in Central and East Asia;
- Buddhist education and the Chinese-foreign cultural exchange;
- Buddhist education: Sources of funding, roles and personnel, preservation of resources and operational mechanism, etc;
- Chan’s guanji doujia pedagogy (“spontaneous inspiration”) and the modern education;
- Interfusion of monastic and secular education as seen through Dunhuang manuscripts.
The
organizing committee welcomes all paper proposals related to the Buddhist
education under the East Asian perspectives. All conference-related costs,
including local transportation, meals and accommodation during the conference
period, will be covered by the conference organizers, who—depending on
availability of funding—may also provide a travel subsidy to selected panelists
who are in need of funding. Please email proposals and CVs to
frogbear.project@ubc.ca by March 31, 2019.
A
conference volume will collect all the papers in English, plus English
translations of several papers written in languages other than English; a
volume in Chinese, to be published in Taiwan or mainland China, will include
Chinese versions for all papers not written in Chinese in addition to those
papers contributed by our colleagues based in China. Only scholars who are
confident in finishing their draft papers by May 15 and publishable papers by
the end of 2019 are encouraged to apply.
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